Amino acids, as their name indicates, contain both a basic amino group and an acidic carboxyl group.
There are 20 different standard L-α-amino acids used by cells for protein construction. Proteins are macromolecules and have four different levels of structure – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The term, structure, when used in relation to proteins, takes on a much more complex meaning than it does for small molecules. It will also cover briefly how protein structure can be affected during formulation and some of the analytical methods which can be used both to determine the structure and analyze the stability of the protein. This technical brief aims to give the reader a quick overview of protein structure. Formulation of a protein drug product can be quite a challenge, and without a good understanding of the nature of protein structure and the conformational characteristics of the specific protein being formulated, the results can be ruinous. Increasingly, drug developers are looking to large molecules, particularly proteins, as a therapeutic option.
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